An overview of the chapter structure and the connection of the different sections is illustrated in Fig. 1. Soft error mitigation techniques like [17, 29] have shown that the software layer can be employed for enhancing the dependability of computing systems. However, to effectively use them, their overhead (eg, in terms of power and performance) has to be considered. This also includes the option of adapting to different output accuracy requirements and inherent resilience against faults of different applications, for which appropriate metrics considering information from multiple system layers are required. Therefore, we start with a short overview of reliability and resilience modeling and estimation approaches, which not only focus on the functional correctness (like application reliability and resilience) but also consider the timeliness, ie, determining the change of the timing behavior according to the run-time dependability, and providing various timing guarantees for real-time systems. They are used to evaluate the results of different dependable